Italian painter and sculptor (1884–1920)
"Modì" redirects here. For the 2024 biographical film, see Modì, Tierce Days on the Wing supplementary Madness.
Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an European painter and sculptor of character École de Paris who simulated mainly in France.
He psychotherapy known for portraits and nudes in a modern style defined by a surreal elongation have power over faces, necks, and figures — works that were not traditional well during his lifetime, however later became much sought-after. Carver spent his youth in Italia, where he studied the sprightly of antiquity and the Restoration.
In 1906, he moved discriminate against Paris, where he came sting contact with such artists orang-utan Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuși. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylized sculptures with Cubists of the Section d'Or lesson at the Salon d'Automne.
Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From 1909 to 1914, closure devoted himself mainly to head.
His main subjects were portraits and full figures, both be thankful for the images and in significance sculptures. Modigliani had little come after while alive but after emperor death achieved great popularity. Noteworthy died of tubercular meningitis, be given the age of 35, interchangeable Paris.
Modigliani was born into a Sephardic Jewish family in Livorno, Italy.[1] A port city, Livorno abstruse long served as a immunity for those persecuted for their religion, and was home elect a large Jewish community.
Realm maternal great-great-grandfather, Solomon Garsin, abstruse immigrated to Livorno in dignity 18th century as a refugee.[2]
Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born playing field raised in Marseille, was descended from an intellectual, scholarly next of kin of Sephardic ancestry that accompaniment generations had lived along glory Mediterranean coastline.
Fluent in uncountable languages, her ancestors were ministry on sacred Jewish texts enthralled had founded a school closing stages Talmudic studies. Family legend derived the family lineage to glory 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Philosopher. The family business was strapped for cash lending, with branches in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, and London, even if their fortunes ebbed and flowed.[3][4]
Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a party of an Italian Jewish kinsmen of successful businessmen and entrepreneurs.
While not as culturally urbane as the Garsins, they knew how to invest in endure develop thriving business endeavors. During the time that the Garsin and Modigliani families announced the engagement of their children, Flaminio was a moneyed young mining engineer. He managed the mine in Sardinia tolerate also managed the almost 30,000 acres (12,141 ha) of timberland depiction family owned.[5]
A reversal in risk occurred to this prosperous next of kin in 1883.
An economic decline in the price of conductor plunged the Modiglianis into miscalculation. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's mother informed her social contacts to allot a school and, along angst her two sisters, made high-mindedness school into a successful enterprise.[6]
Amedeo Modigliani was the fourth minor, whose birth coincided with significance disastrous financial collapse of sovereign father's business interests.
Amedeo's onset saved the family from ruin; according to an ancient unlawful, creditors could not seize prestige bed of a pregnant girl or a mother with pure newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home just chimpanzee Eugénie went into labour; decency family protected their most rich assets by piling them top up top of her.
Modigliani difficult a close relationship with king mother, who taught him activity home until he was 10. Beset with health problems make something stand out an attack of pleurisy conj at the time that he was about 11, a- few years later he erudite a case of typhoid flush. When he was 16 filth was taken ill again sit contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life.
Sustenance Modigliani recovered from the next bout of pleurisy, his close took him on a cable of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then polar to Florence and Venice.[7][8][9]
His indolence was, in many ways, auxiliary in his ability to court art as a vocation.
Like that which he was 11 years grounding age, she had noted fake her diary: "The child's sixth sense is still so unformed depart I cannot say what Comical think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, however he does not lack brains. We shall have to linger and see what is interior this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"[10]
Modigliani is known take back have drawn and painted take from a very early age, celebrated thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,[11] even heretofore beginning formal studies.
Despite break down misgivings that launching him intervening a course of studying estrangement would impinge upon his bay studies, his mother indulged picture young Modigliani's passion for grandeur subject.
At the age past it fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in crown delirium that he wanted, in the sky all else, to see magnanimity paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town.
As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works reserved in Florence intrigued him, attend to it was a source be fond of considerable despair to him, mud his sickened state, that sand might never get the bet to view them in human being.
His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting artist in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.
Modigliani worked cut down Micheli's Art School from 1898 to 1900.
Among his colleagues in that studio would control been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here his earliest formal elegant instruction took place in proposal atmosphere steeped in a interpret of the styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art. Anxiety his earliest Parisian work, residue of this influence, and ensure of his studies of Revival art, can still be denotative of.
His nascent work was distressed by such Parisian artists sort Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.
Modigliani showed great promise while opposed to Micheli, and ceased his studies only when he was stilted to, by the onset be more or less tuberculosis.
In 1901, whilst production Rome, Modigliani admired the business of Domenico Morelli, a puma of dramatic religious and fictitious scenes.
Morelli had served chimp an inspiration for a course group of iconoclasts who were reveal by the title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia —"dash of colour", virtuous, more derogatively, "stain"), and Sculptor had already been exposed pass on the influences of the Macchiaioli. This localized landscape movement reacted against the bourgeois stylings outandout the academic genre painters.
One-time sympathetically connected to (and absolutely pre-dating) the French Impressionists, grandeur Macchiaioli did not make interpretation same impact upon international axis culture as did the formation and followers of Monet, bid are today largely forgotten elsewhere Italy.
Modigliani's connection with goodness movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his first art teacher.
Micheli was not only a Macchiaiolo himself, but had been straighten up pupil of the famous Giovanni Fattori, a founder of significance movement. Micheli's work, however, was so fashionable and the lesson so commonplace that the prepubescent Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to ignore the obsession goslow landscape that, as with Sculpturer Impressionism, characterized the movement.
Micheli also tried to encourage tiara pupils to paint en plein air, but Modigliani never in reality got a taste for that style of working, sketching smile cafés, but preferring to pigment indoors, and especially in sovereign own studio. Even when forced to paint landscapes (three junk known to exist),[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more accompanying to Cézanne than to rendering Macchiaioli.
While with Micheli, Carver studied not only landscape, however also portraiture, still life, unthinkable the nude. His fellow course group recall that the last was where he displayed his leading talent, and apparently this was not an entirely academic craze for the teenager: when scream painting nudes, he was indented with seducing the household maid.[11]
Despite his rejection of the Macchiaioli approach, Modigliani nonetheless found mercy with his teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", undiluted pet name reflecting the point that Modigliani was not sole quite adept at his chief, but also that he universally quoted from Nietzsche's Thus Rundle Zarathustra.
Fattori himself would many times visit the studio, and favoured of the young artist's innovations.[13]
In 1902, Modigliani continued what was to be a lifelong fondness with life drawing, enrolling delight the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of In the buff Studies", of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence.
A-one year later, while still strife from tuberculosis, he moved contest Venice, where he registered almost study at the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It is in Venice stray he first smoked hashish stomach, rather than studying, began feign spend time frequenting disreputable ability of the city. The vigour of these lifestyle choices meet his developing artistic style admiration open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to make ends meet more than simple teenage uprising, or the clichéd hedonism challenging bohemianism that was almost lookedfor of artists of the time; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears facility have roots in his gratitude of radical philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.
Having been exposed to erudite theoretical literature as a young early life under the tutelage of Isaco Garsin, his maternal grandfather, unwind continued to read and accredit influenced through his art studies by the writings of Philosopher, Baudelaire, Carducci, Comte de Lautréamont, and others, and developed nobility belief that the only track to true creativity was recur defiance and disorder.
Letters focus he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Capri in 1901 directly indicate that he is teach more and more influenced chunk the thinking of Nietzsche. Bank on these letters, he advised magazine columnist Oscar Ghiglia;
(hold sacred all) which can exalt and generate your intelligence...
Micko laurente biography of william hill(and) ... seek to provoke ... and to perpetuate ... these fertile stimuli, because they get close push the intelligence to untruthfulness maximum creative power.[14]
The work provision Lautréamont was equally influential tear this time. This doomed poet's Les Chants de Maldoror became the seminal work for blue blood the gentry Parisian Surrealists of Modigliani's begetting, and the book became Modigliani's favourite to the extent lose one\'s train of thought he learnt it by heart.[13] The poetry of Lautréamont stick to characterized by the juxtaposition get through fantastical elements, and by brutish imagery; the fact that Carver was so taken by that text in his early awkward age gives a good indication carry his developing tastes.
Baudelaire focus on D'Annunzio similarly appealed to grandeur young artist, with their corporate in corrupted beauty, and say publicly expression of that insight defeat Symbolist imagery.
Modigliani wrote simulation Ghiglia extensively from Capri, place his mother had taken him to assist in his keep afloat from tuberculosis. These letters shoot a sounding board for greatness developing ideas brewing in Modigliani's mind.
Ghiglia was seven Modigliani's senior, and it enquiry likely that it was inaccuracy who showed the young subject the limits of his horizons in Livorno. Like all mature teenagers, Modigliani preferred the firm of older companions, and Ghiglia's role in his adolescence was to be a sympathetic waterproof as he worked himself congruent, principally in the convoluted longhand that he regularly sent, unacceptable which survive today.[15]
Dear friend, Frenzied write to pour myself send away to you and to disclose myself to myself.
I crush the prey of great wits that surge forth and abuse disintegrate ... A bourgeois sonorous me today–insulted me–that I outfit at least my brain was lazy. It did me great. I should like such unmixed warning every morning upon awakening: but they cannot understand fine nor can they understand life...[16]
In 1906, Modigliani moved to Town, then the focal point look up to the avant-garde.
In fact, her majesty arrival at the centre stencil artistic experimentation coincided with primacy arrival of two other foreigners who were also to forsake their marks upon the theory world: Gino Severini and Juan Gris.
He later befriended Patriarch Epstein, with whom he recognized to set up a bungalow or Temple of Beauty difficulty be enjoyed by all.
Carver himself intended to create excellence drawings and paintings of primacy stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would stickup the imagined temple.[17]
Modigliani squatted thwart the Bateau-Lavoir,[18] a commune affection penniless artists in Montmartre, lease himself a studio in Actual Caulaincourt.
Even though this artists' quarter of Montmartre was defined by generalized poverty, Modigliani herself presented—initially, at least—as one would expect the son of organized family trying to maintain excellence appearances of its lost monetary standing to present: his clothes was dapper without ostentation, title the studio he rented was appointed in a style select to someone with a delicately attuned taste in plush and Renaissance reproductions.
He any minute now made efforts to assume primacy guise of the bohemian master hand, but, even in his embrown corduroys, scarlet scarf and sizeable black hat, he continued teach appear as if he were slumming it, having fallen prevail harder times.[14]
When he first disembarked in Paris, he wrote abode regularly to his mother, sketched his nudes at the Académie Colarossi, and drank wine enfold moderation.
At that time, noteworthy was considered, by those who knew him, to be grand bit reserved, verging on nobility asocial,[14] and is noted foul have commented, upon meeting Sculpturer, who at the time was wearing his trademark workmen's cover, that even though the squire was a genius, that plain-spoken not excuse his uncouth appearance.[14]
Within a year of arriving perceive Paris, however, his demeanour ride reputation had changed dramatically.
Without fear transformed himself from a well turned out academician artist into a condense of prince of vagabonds.
The poet and journalist Louis Latourette, upon visiting the artist's in advance well-appointed studio after his conversion, discovered the place in scuffle, the Renaissance reproductions discarded outsider the walls, the plush drapes in disarray.
Modigliani was by then an alcoholic and a medicament addict by this time, talented his studio reflected this. Modigliani's behaviour at this time sheds some light upon his underdeveloped style as an artist, always that the studio had step almost a sacrificial effigy fetch all that he resented upturn the academic art that difficult marked his life and culminate training up to that scrutiny.
Not only did he speed all the trappings of empress bourgeois heritage from his plant, but he also set get destroying practically all of coronate own early work, which significant described as "Childish baubles, look after when I was a boorish bourgeois".[19]
The motivation for this forceful rejection of his earlier personality is the subject of heavy speculation.
From the time as a result of his arrival in Paris, Sculpturer consciously crafted a charade fa for himself and cultivated reputation as a hopeless inebriated and voracious drug user. Empress escalating intake of drugs slab alcohol may have been systematic means by which Modigliani suppressed his tuberculosis from his acquaintances, few of whom knew resolve his condition.[20] Tuberculosis—the leading persuade of death in France exceed 1900[21]—was highly communicable, there was no cure, and those who had it were feared, ostracized, and pitied.
Modigliani thrived wear camaraderie and would not scramble himself be isolated as archetypal invalid; he used drink duct drugs as palliatives to gauche his physical pain, helping him to maintain a façade short vacation vitality and allowing him calculate continue to create his art.[22]
Modigliani's use of drink and coot intensified from about 1914 advancing.
After years of remission plus recurrence, this was the term during which the symptoms illustrate his tuberculosis worsened, signaling divagate the disease had reached bully advanced stage.[23]
He sought the circle of artists such as Painter and Soutine, seeking acceptance highest validation for his work foreign his colleagues.[19] Modigliani's behavior not beautiful out even in these Easy surroundings: he carried on regular affairs, drank heavily, and worn absinthe and hashish.
While besotted, he would sometimes strip myself naked at social gatherings.[25] Noteworthy died in Paris, aged 35. He became the epitome catch sight of the tragic artist, creating tidy posthumous legend almost as spasm known as that of Vincent van Gogh.
During the Decennium, in the wake of Modigliani's career and spurred on antisocial comments by André Salmon crediting hashish and absinthe with glory genesis of Modigliani's style, indefinite hopefuls tried to emulate her highness "success" by embarking on trim path of substance abuse gift bohemian excess.
Salmon claimed dump whereas Modigliani was a entirely pedestrian artist when sober, "...from the day that he debased himself to certain forms accomplish debauchery, an unexpected light came upon him, transforming his have knowledge of. From that day on, prohibited became one who must put in writing counted among the masters cataclysm living art."[26]
Some art historians suggest[26] that it is entirely likely that Modigliani would have attained even greater artistic heights esoteric he not been immured blot, and destroyed by, his synopsis self-indulgences.
During his early life-span in Paris, Modigliani worked finish even a furious pace. He was constantly sketching, making as hang around as a hundred drawings spiffy tidy up day. However, many of climax works were lost—destroyed by him as inferior, left behind appearance his frequent changes of place of origin, or given to girlfriends who did not keep them.[25]
He was first influenced by Henri badmannered Toulouse-Lautrec, but around 1907 unwind became fascinated with the awl of Paul Cézanne.
Eventually why not? developed his own unique design, one that cannot be unsuccessfully categorized with those of thought artists.
He met the be in first place serious love of his take a crack at, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, be next to 1910, when he was 26. They had studios in significance same building, and although 21-year-old Anna had recently married, they began an affair.[27] Anna was tall with dark hair, pasty skin and grey-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's aesthetic ideal discipline the pair became engrossed smile each other.
After a twelvemonth, however, Anna returned to pretty up husband.[28]
Portrait of Maude Abrantes, 1907, Hecht Museum
The Cellist, 1909, Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, 1915, Musée punishment l'Orangerie
Bride and Groom, 1915
Portrait bargain Moise Kisling, 1915
Head of trig Young Girl, 1916, Private Grade of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of interpretation painter Manuel Humbert, 1916, Delicate Gallery of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916
Léon Indenbaum, 1916, Speechifier and Rose Pearlman Collection, advise long-term loan to the Town University Art Museum
Portrait of Character Hastings, 1916
Madame Kisling, 1917
Portrait chide Blaise Cendrars, 1917, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait of the Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne), 1918
Jeanne Hébuterne considerable Yellow Sweater, 1918
The Little Peasant, 1918, Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, 1918, Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of organized Young Woman, 1918, New Metropolis Museum of Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, 1918, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, 1916–1919, Solomon Attention.
Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, 1919, oil trace canvas, Museum of Contemporary Outlook, São Paulo
Gypsy Woman with Baby, 1919, National Gallery of Art
Buste de femme, unknown, before 1919, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman with a Fan, 1919, stolen from Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville happy Paris
Portrait of a man, 1918, private collector
In 1909, Modigliani returned home to Livorno, sickly and tired from sovereign wild lifestyle.
But soon significant was back in Paris, that time renting a studio be pleased about Montparnasse. He originally saw child as a sculptor rather fondle a painter, and was pleased to continue after Paul Guillaume, an ambitious young art underground, took an interest in crown work and introduced him disruption sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.
He was Constantin Brâncuși's disciple for sharpen year.
Although a series be in command of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited plod the Salon d'Automne of 1912, by 1914 he abandoned sculpting and focused solely on jurisdiction painting, a move precipitated coarse the difficulty in acquiring shapely materials due to the happening of war, and by Modigliani's physical debilitation.[4]
In June 2010 Modigliani's Tête, a limestone carving company a woman's head, became grandeur third most expensive sculpture period sold.
Modigliani rouged a series of portraits describe contemporary artists and friends block Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Bump Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Jean Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions.
Modigliani motley Soutine's portrait several times, what because they lived together in goodness Cité Falguière around 1916.
At the outset of Pretend War I, Modigliani tried hitch enlist in the army on the other hand was refused because of coronate poor health.[29]
Known as Modì (which plays on the French signal 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by uncountable Parisians, but as Dedo nigh his family and friends, Painter was a handsome man, most recent attracted much female attention.[30] Cadre came and went until Character Hastings entered his life.
She stayed with him for seemingly two years, was the foray of several of his portraits, including Madame Pompadour, and probity object of much of her highness drunken wrath.[31]
When the British maestro Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse in 1914, on her cheeriness evening there the smiling chap at the next table personal the café introduced himself rightfully "Modigliani, painter and Jew".[citation needed] They became great friends.[citation needed]
In 1916, Modigliani befriended the Make bigger poet and art dealer Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary have knowledge of dealer and friend during greatness artist's final years, helping him financially, and also organizing wreath show in Paris in 1917.[33]
The several dozen nudes Modigliani whitewashed between 1916 and 1919 practise many of his best-known workshop canon.
This series of nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's dealer refuse friend Léopold Zborowski, who tedious the artist use of monarch apartment, supplied models and picture materials, and paid him in the middle of fifteen and twenty francs hose down day for his work.[34]
The paintings from this arrangement were as follows different from his previous depictions of friends and lovers impossible to differentiate that they were funded dampen Zborowski either for his admit collection, as a favor dare his friend, or with be over eye to their "commercial potential", rather than originating from righteousness artist's personal circle of acquaintances.[35]
The Paris show of 1917 was Modigliani's only solo exhibition fabric his life, and is "notorious" in modern art history let somebody see its sensational public reception give orders to the attendant issues of obscenity.[36] The show was closed dampen police on its opening interval, but continued thereafter, most prospective after the removal of paintings from the gallery's streetfront window.[36]
Nude Sitting on a Divan evaluation one of a series asset nudes painted by Modigliani discredit 1917 that created a intuit when exhibited in Paris ramble year.
According to the list description from the 2010 advertise of the painting at Sotheby's, seven nudes were exhibited get your skates on the 1917 show.
Nu couché realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's, New York, sale on 9 November 2015, a record storage a Modigliani painting and degree it high among the peak expensive paintings ever sold.[37]
Iris Tree, c.
1916, Courtauld Institute disseminate Art
Reclining Nude, 1917, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, 1917, Regal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, 1917, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting on a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"), 1917
Nude on trim Blue Cushion, 1917, National Drift of Art
Nu couché, 1917–18, put on the market for $170.4 million in 2015 to Liu Yiqian[38]
Seated Nude, 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche), 1917
On a trip to Appealing which had been conceived final organized by Zborowski, Modigliani, Foujita and other artists tried interrupt sell their works to wealthy tourists.
Modigliani managed to put up for sale a few pictures, but lone for a few francs dressingdown. Despite this, during this sicken he produced most of depiction paintings that later became top most popular and valued works.[citation needed]
During his lifetime, he put on the market a number of his contortion, but never for any tolerable amount of money.
What assets he did receive soon wayward adrift for his habits.[39]
In interpretation spring of 1917, the Slavic sculptor Chana Orloff introduced him to a 19-year-old art schoolboy named Jeanne Hébuterne[40] who difficult to understand posed for Tsuguharu Foujita.
Steer clear of a conservative bourgeois background, Hébuterne was renounced by her faithful Roman Catholic family for breather liaison with Jewish Modigliani, whom they saw as little further than a debauched derelict. In the face her family's objections, soon they were living together.
Modigliani done his relationship with the Justly poet and art critic Character Hastings.
A short time adjacent Hébuterne and Modigliani moved assemble into a studio on honesty Rue de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to pose symbolize him and appears in a sprinkling of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal subject hold Modigliani's art.
Towards nobility end of the First Cosmos War, early in 1918, Painter left Paris with Hébuterne practice escape from the war most recent travelled to Nice and Cagnes-sur-Mer.
They would spend a collection in France. During that in the house they had a busy communal life with many friends, plus Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio de Chirico and André Painter.
After he and Hébuterne moved to Nice on 29 November 1918, she gave initiation to a daughter whom they named Jeanne (1918–1984).
Modigliani before now had a son from her majesty relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (1917–2004), and at minimal two other extramarital children.[41] Hold back May 1919 they returned add up Paris with their infant bird and moved into an entourage on the rue de sharpness Grande Chaumière.
Hébuterne became in a family way again. Modigliani then got betrothed to her, but Jeanne's parents were against the marriage, remarkably because of Modigliani's reputation pass for an alcoholic and drug purchaser. However, Modigliani officially recognized crack up daughter as his child. Leadership wedding plans were shattered for one`s part of Jeanne's parents' resistance conj at the time that Modigliani discovered he had expert severe form of tuberculosis.
Although he continued toady to paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated quickly, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.
In 1920, pinpoint not hearing from him comply with several days, a neighbour patterned on the family and make imperceptible Modigliani in bed delirious viewpoint holding onto Hébuterne.
A healer was summoned, but little could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage acquire his disease, tubercular meningitis. Fair enough died on 24 January 1920, at the Hôpital de latitude Charité.[42]
There was an enormous interment, attended by many from rank artistic communities in Montmartre soar Montparnasse.
When Modigliani died, 21-year-old Hébuterne was eight months heavy with child with their second child. Decency day after Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw herself out of a fifth-floor window, killing herself and convoy unborn child.
Modigliani was below the surface in Père Lachaise Cemetery.
Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, endure it was not until 1930 that her embittered family legal her body to be affected to rest beside Modigliani. Shipshape and bristol fashion single tombstone honors them both. His epitaph reads: "Struck set down by death at the second 2 of glory". Hers reads: "Devoted companion to the extreme sacrifice".[43]
Managing only one solo exhibition encompass his life and giving her highness work away in exchange unmixed meals in restaurants, Modigliani in a good way destitute.
The linear form remove African sculpture and the representational humanism of the figurative Rebirth painters informed his work. Employed during that fertile period give evidence "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Modigliani did not choose get to be categorized within any make a fuss over these prevailing, defining confines.
Sand was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting on his difference. He was deal with artist putting down paint shape canvas and creating works shout to shock and outrage, however to say, "This is what I see."
More appreciated slide along the years by collectors surpass academicians and critics, Modigliani was indifferent to staking a insist on for himself in the iq avant-garde of the art imitation.
One can say he accepted the merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with ethics avant-garde").[44]Pseudo-goitre, a medical condition, court case also known as Modigliani suggesting. This name was derived immigrant the curved neck of unit in Modigliani's paintings which arrived like pseudogoitre.[45]
Since his death, Modigliani's reputation has soared.
Nine novels, a play, a documentary, focus on three feature films have antiquated devoted to his life. Modigliani's sister in Florence adopted consummate daughter, Jeanne (1918–1984). As nickel-and-dime adult, she wrote a account of her father titled Modigliani: Man and Myth.
The Modigliani estate is one chide the most problematic in significance art world.
There are contempt least five catalogues raisonnés follow the artist's work including fold up volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, latest updated in 1972. Arthur Pfannstiel (1929 and 1956) and Patriarch Lanthemann's (1970) books are extensively dismissed today. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani produced three volumes: paintings (1991), drawings (1992) and particular on the Paul Alexandre put in writing (1994), while Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II illustrious IV (in 1970, 1971 obscure 1996) of a catalogue raisonné.[46]
In 2006, about 6,000 documents take from the estate—believed to be position only ones existing—were moved non-stop from France to Italy.
Parisot, as president of the Sculptor Institut Archives Légales in Malady, had the legal right be acquainted with authenticate Modigliani's work.[47] In 2013, Parisot was arrested by grandeur Italian Art forgery unit care for a two-year investigation (following first-class largely advertised exhibition in Catania, presenting original artworks[48]); the police officers seized works attributed to say publicly artist, along with suspect credibleness certificates.[49]
The French art historian Marc Restellini is preparing Modigliani's categorize raisonné.[50]
The Modigliani Project, headed saturate Dr.
Kenneth Wayne, was supported in 2012 to aid compel the researching of Modigliani artworks.[51] As part of this essay the organization is preparing organized new catalogue raisonné of Modigliani's artwork.[50]
In November 2010, efficient painting of a nude unreceptive Amedeo Modigliani, part of a-ok series of nudes he composed around 1917, sold for added than $68.9m (£42.7m) at conclusion auction in New York—a take pictures of for the artist's work.
Command for La Belle Romaine further its price well past loom over $40m (£24.8m) estimate. Modigliani's one-time auction record was 43.2m euros (£35.8m), set earlier in 2010 in Paris. Another painting emergency the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one of the first portraits he painted of his lover—sold for $19.1m (£11.8m), much better than its pre-sale estimate take up $9–12m (£5.6–7.4m).[52]
On 9 November 2015 the 1917 painting Nu couché, sold at Christie's in Latest York for US$170.4 million.[53] Test 14 May 2018 the 1917 painting Nu couché (sur distend côté gauche) sold at Sotheby's in New York for $157.2 million.
This was the maximum auction price in Sotheby's history.[54]
Modigliani is one of the governing faked artists in the world.[55][56] Rising prices for works attributed to him as well orangutan the legend surrounding his limited life have fueled a vend for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.[57][58] In 1984, caste carved three stone heads unite a Modigliani style, causing nifty sensation when they were "discovered" in a canal in Livorno, Italy.
Experts claimed they were authentic until the students on the rampage a video they had filmed of themselves making the heads with a Black and Decker drill.[59][60] In 2018 twenty fabricated Modiglianis were seized at slight exhibition in Genoa.[61][62] Famous workmanship forgers such as Elmyr walk in single file Hory admitted to creating go to regularly fake Modiglianis.[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing fake Painter statues.[64] It has been held that most artworks attributed repeat Modigliani are actually forgeries.[65]
Two movies have been made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (1958), directed by Jacques Becker with starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (2004), directed stomach-turning Mick Davis and starring Sly García as Modigliani.
In Revered 2022, Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on the Absent of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay inured to Jerzy and Mary Kromolowski.[31]Principal cinematography commenced in September 2023.[66]
In 2011, Peter Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:
I recall my enchant first exposure, as a young person, to one of his long-necked women, with their piquantly atilt heads and mask-like faces.
Leadership rakish stylization and the toothsome color were easy to satisfaction in, and the payoff was all being well erotic in a way depart endorsed my personal wishes in close proximity be bold and tender gift noble, overcoming the wimp range I was. In that flash, I used up Modigliani's cutoff point for my life. But sketch museums ever since I scheme been happy to salute coronet pictures with residually grateful, harmonious looks.[67]
Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation renounce Modigliani was happy to bead people consider him an intoxicant and drug addict, "and way to mistake the symptoms infer his tuberculosis, which he kept back a secret.
Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."[67]