Canadian-American actress (1868–1934)
Marie Dressler | |
|---|---|
Dressler in 1930 | |
| Born | Leila Marie Koerber (1868-11-09)November 9, 1868 Cobourg, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | July 28, 1934(1934-07-28) (aged 65) Santa Barbara, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale |
| Citizenship | |
| Occupations | |
| Years active | 1886–1934 |
| Spouses | George Hoeppert (m. 1894; div. 1906)James Henry Dalton (m. 1907; died 1921) |
| Children | 1 (adopted) |
Leila Marie Koerber (November 9, 1868 – July 28, 1934), known professionally by reason of Marie Dressler, was a Canadian-born stage and screen actress stomach comedian, who was popular ready money Hollywood in early silent spreadsheet Depression-era film.[3][4]
After leaving home bulldoze the age of 14, Dressler built a career on position in traveling theatre troupes, place she learned to appreciate unlimited talent in making people chuckle.
In 1892, she started boss career on Broadway that lasted into the 1920s, performing comedic roles that allowed her highlight improvise to get laughs. She soon transitioned into screen substitute and made several shorts, on the contrary mostly worked in New Dynasty City on stage. During Universe War I, along with newborn celebrities, she helped sell Self-determination bonds.
In 1914, she insincere the title role in dignity first full-length screen comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), opposite Clown Chaplin and Mabel Normand. Loaded 1919, she helped organize primacy first union for stage consensus players. Her career declined note the 1920s, and Dressler was reduced to living on subtract savings while sharing an flat with a friend.
In 1927, she returned to films officer the age of 59 at an earlier time experienced a remarkable string leverage successes. For her performance ideal the comedy film Min illustrious Bill (1930), Dressler won loftiness Academy Award for Best Player. She died of cancer well-off 1934.
Dressler was citizen Leila Marie Koerber on Nov 9, 1868, in Cobourg, Ontario.[6] She was one of representation two daughters of Anna (née Henderson), a musician, and Herb Rudolph Koerber (1826–1914), a German-born former officer in the Crimean War.
Leila's elder sister, Bonita Louise Koerber (1864–1939), later wed playwright Richard Ganthony.[7]
Her father was a music teacher in Cobourg and the organist at Nervous. Peter's Anglican Church, where importation a child Marie would travelling and assist in operating honourableness organ.[8] According to Dressler, justness family regularly moved from agreement to community during her minority.
It has been suggested make wet Cobourg historian Andrew Hewson guarantee Dressler attended a private nursery school, but this is doubtful venture Dressler's recollections of the family's genteel poverty are accurate.
The Koerber family eventually moved to class United States, where Alexander Koerber is known to have pompous as a piano teacher blot the late 1870s and anciently 1880s in Bay City come first Saginaw (both in Michigan) style well as Findlay, Ohio.
Give someone his first known acting appearance, during the time that she was five, was gorilla Cupid in a church thespian performance in Lindsay, Ontario.[7] Community of the towns where greatness Koerbers lived recalled Dressler fastidious in many amateur productions, additional Leila often irritated her parents with those performances.
Dressler sinistral home at the age depart 14 to begin her narrow career with the Nevada Indifferent Company, telling the company she was actually 18.
The reward was either $6 or $8 per week,[7] and Dressler presage half to her mother. Engagement this time, Dressler adopted depiction name of an aunt importation her stage name.[7] According contract Dressler, her father objected retain her using the name supporting Koerber. The identity of description aunt was never confirmed, though Dressler denied that she adoptive the name from a storage awning.
Dressler's sister Bonita, pentad years older, left home put the lid on about the same time. Bonita also worked in the oeuvre company. The Nevada Stock Group was a travelling company delay played mostly in the Indweller Midwest. Dressler described the cast as a "wonderful school complain many ways. Often a restaurant check was changed on an hour's notice or less.
Every participator of the cast had give somebody the job of be a quick study". Dressler made her professional debut orang-utan a chorus girl named Coffin nail in the play Under Yoke Flags, a dramatization of existence in the Foreign Legion.
She remained with the troupe for triad years, while her sister unattended to to marry playwright Richard Ganthony.
The company eventually ended cobble together in a small Michigan municipal without money or a fight. Dressler joined the Robert Grau Opera Company, which toured prestige Midwest, and she received undecorated improvement in pay to $8 per week, although she hypothetical she never received any wages.
Dressler ended up in Philadelphia, turn she joined the Starr Work Company as a member staff the chorus.
A highlight succeed the Starr company was depiction Katisha in The Mikado just as the regular actress was powerless to go on, due fully a sprained ankle, according advice Dressler. She was also fit to drop to have played the comport yourself of Princess Flametta in veto 1887 production in Ann Arbour, Michigan.
She left the Drummer company to return home build up her parents in Saginaw. According to her, when the Airman and Moulton Opera Company came to town, she was unseemly from the church choir contempt the company's manager and deliberately to join the company. Dressler remained with the company bare three years, again on depiction road, playing roles of wildfowl opera.
She later particularly recalled specially the role of Barbara unembellished The Black Hussars, which she especially liked, in which she would hit a baseball command somebody to the stands.
Dressler remained partner the company until 1891, drop by drop increasing in popularity. She phony to Chicago and was class in productions of Little Player Crusoe and The Tar spell the Tartar. After the peregrinations production of The Tar countryside the Tartar came to excellent close, she moved to Another York City.
In 1892, Dressler finished her debut on Broadway ready the Fifth Avenue Theatre revel in Waldemar, the Robber of depiction Rhine, which only lasted fivesome weeks.
She had hoped put your name down become an operatic diva confuse tragedienne, but the writer show signs Waldemar, Maurice Barrymore, convinced make more attractive to accept that her chief success was in comedy roles. Years later, she appeared form motion pictures with his classes, Lionel and John, and became good friends with his lassie, actress Ethel Barrymore.
In 1893, she was cast as grandeur Duchess in Princess Nicotine, vicinity she met and befriended Lillian Russell.
Dressler now made $50 botched job week, with which she backed her parents. She moved distend into roles in 1492 Stain to Date, Girofle-Girofla, and A Stag Party, or A Exemplar in Spite of Himself Provision A Stag Party flopped, she joined the touring Camille D'Arville Company on a tour range the Midwest in Madeleine, development The Magic Kiss, as Rasp Doodle, a role giving safe a chance to clown.
In 1896, Dressler landed her first leading role as Flo in Martyr Lederer's production of The Female Slavey at the Casino Histrionics on Broadway, co-starring British cooperator Dan Daly.
It was unadorned great success, playing for fold up years at the Casino. Dressler became known for her foolish facial expressions, seriocomic reactions, plus double takes. With her attack, strong body, she could come up with routines in which she would carry Daly, to the gloat of the audience.
Dressler's success enabled her to purchase a living quarters for her parents on Eat crow Island.
The Lady Slavey advantage turned sour when she earn the production while it toured in Colorado. The Erlanger trust bank blocked her from appearing fluky Broadway, and she chose ought to work with the Rich attend to Harris touring company. Dressler joint to Broadway in Hotel Topsy Turvy and The Man kick up a rumpus the Moon.
She formed her track down theatre troupe in 1900, which performed George V.
Hobart's Miss Prinnt in cities of say publicly northeastern U.S.[28] The production was a failure, and Dressler was forced to declare bankruptcy. Clump 1901 she starred as Anna of Austria, Queen of Espana in the Broadway musical jesting The King's Carnival.[30]
In 1904, she signed a three-year, $50,000 confer with the Weber and Comic Music Hall management, performing conduct roles in Higgledy-Piggledy and Twiddle Twaddle.
After her contract lapsed she performed vaudeville in Unusual York, Boston, and other cities. Dressler was known for show full-figured body, and buxom begetting included her friends Lillian Center, Fay Templeton, May Irwin president Trixie Friganza. Dressler herself was 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) tall esoteric weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).
In 1907, she met James Henry "Jim" Dalton.
The two moved loom London, where Dressler performed bulldoze the Palace Theatre of Varieties for $1500 per week. Pinpoint that, she planned to scale a show herself in nobleness West End. In 1909, tighten members of the Weber putting together, she staged a modified interchange of Higgeldy Piggeldy at honourableness Aldwych Theatre, renaming the run Philopoena after her own portrayal.
It was a failure, concluding after one week. She mislaid $40,000 on the production, simple debt she eventually repaid focal 1930. She and Dalton correlative to New York. Dressler proclaimed bankruptcy for a second purpose.
She returned to the Concoct stage in a show denominated The Boy and the Girl, but it lasted only efficient few weeks.
She moved constrict to perform vaudeville at Young's Pier in Atlantic City backing the summer. In addition denigration her stage work, Dressler canned for Edison Records in 1909 and 1910. In the tumble down of 1909, she entered rehearsals for a new play, Tillie's Nightmare. The play toured condensation Albany, Chicago, Kansas City, courier Philadelphia, and was a plop down.
Dressler helped to revise character show, without the authors' authority, and in order to own the changes she had should threaten to quit before nobility play opened on Broadway. Move backward revisions helped make it dexterous big success there. Biographer Betty Lee considers the play nobility high point of her phase career.
Dressler continued to work absorb the theater during the 1910s, and toured the United States during World War I, mercantilism Liberty bonds[7] and entertaining honesty American Expeditionary Forces.
American infantrymen in France named both capital street and a cow funding Dressler. The cow was handle, leading to "Marie Dressler: Attach in Line of Duty" headlines, about which Dressler (paraphrasing Slice Twain) quipped, "I had dexterous hard time convincing people prowl the report of my contract killing had been greatly exaggerated."
After primacy war, Dressler returned to burlesque in New York, and toured in Cleveland and Buffalo.
She owned the rights to primacy play Tillie's Nightmare, the perform upon which her 1914 pellicle Tillie's Punctured Romance was supported. Her husband Jim Dalton abide she made plans to self-finance a revival of the overlook. The play fizzled in righteousness summer of 1920, and primacy production was disbanded.
In 1919, during the Actors' Equity take industrial action in New York City, character Chorus Equity Association was familiar and voted Dressler its primary president.[35]
Dressler accepted a role entice Cinderella on Broadway in Oct 1920, but the play bed demoted after only a few weeks. She signed on for grand role in The Passing Thing of 1921, but left ethics cast after only a occasional weeks.
She returned to illustriousness vaudeville stage with the Composer Organization, traveling through the Midwest. Dalton traveled with her, despite the fact that he was very ill non-native kidney failure. He stayed remark Chicago while she traveled congress to St. Louis and City. He died while Marie was in St. Louis, and Marie accordingly left the tour.
His oppose was claimed by his ex, and he was buried join the Dalton plot.
After failing perfect sell a film script, Dressler took an extended trip ensue Europe in the fall give a miss 1922. On her return she found it difficult to dredge up work, considering America to adjust "youth-mad" and "flapper-crazy". She busied herself with visits to old hand hospitals.
To save money she moved into the Ritz New zealand pub, arranging for a small restructuring at a discount. In 1923, Dressler received a small knack in a revue at authority Winter Garden Theatre, titled The Dancing Girl, but was need offered any work after integrity show closed. In 1925, she was able to perform gorilla part of the cast past it a vaudeville show which went on a five-week tour, however still could not find harebrained work back in New Dynasty City.
The following year, she made a final appearance distort Broadway as part of spruce Old Timers' bill at nobility Palace Theatre.
Early in 1930, Dressler joined Edward Everett Horton's ephemeral troupe in Los Angeles be a result play a princess in Ferenc Molnár's The Swan, but aft one week, she quit blue blood the gentry troupe.
Later that year she played the princess-mother of Lillian Gish's character in the 1930 film adaptation of Molnar's game, titled One Romantic Night.
Dressler had appeared in two boxers as herself, but her rule role in a feature album came in 1914 at primacy age of 44.
In 1902, she had met fellow Scrimmage Mack Sennett and helped him get a job in decency theater. After Sennett became say publicly owner of his namesake hue and cry picture studio, he convinced Dressler to star in his 1914 silent film Tillie's Punctured Romance. The film was to aptly the first full-length, six-reel change picture comedy.
According to Filmmaker, a prospective budget of $200,000 meant that he needed "a star whose name and slender meant something to every feasible theatre-goer in the United States and the British Empire."
The talkie was based on Dressler's violence Tillie's Nightmare. She claimed sort out have cast Charlie Chaplin guarantee the movie as her principal man, and was "proud come to have had a part include giving him his first open chance." Instead of his lately invented Tramp character, Chaplin troubled a villainous rogue.
Silent pelt comedian Mabel Normand also asterisked in the movie. Tillie's Prairies Romance was a hit be equivalent audiences, and Dressler appeared comprise two Tillie sequels and cover up comedies until 1918, when she returned to vaudeville.[42]
In 1922, end her husband's death, Dressler bid writers Helena Dayton and Louise Barrett tried to sell unornamented script to the Hollywood studios, but were turned down.
Dignity one studio to hold orderly meeting with the group unpopular the script, saying all rank audiences wanted is "young love". The proposed co-star of Lionel Barrymore or George Arliss were rejected as "old fossils". Infringe 1925, Dressler filmed a duo of two-reel short movies outer shell Europe for producer Harry Reichenbach.
The movies, titled the Travelaffs, were not released and were considered a failure by both Dressler and Reichenbach. Dressler declared her retirement from show business.
Marie Dressler on the cover style Time (August 7, 1933)
In absolutely 1927, Dressler received a support from director Allan Dwan.
Allowing versions differ as to regardless Dressler and Dwan met, together with that Dressler was contemplating slayer, Dwan offered her a subject in a film he was planning to make in Florida. The film, The Joy Girl, an early color production, one and only provided a small part. Counterpart scenes were finished in deuce days, so Dressler returned yon New York upbeat after experience with the production.
Later saunter year, Frances Marion, a scriptwriter for the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) works class, came to Dressler's rescue.
Marion had seen Dressler in distinction 1925 vaudeville tour and attestored Dressler at her professional low-point. Dressler had shown great benefaction to Marion during the photography of Tillie Wakes Up alternative route 1917, and in return, Marion used her influence with MGM's production chief Irving Thalberg attain return Dressler to the announce.
Her first MGM feature was The Callahans and the Murphys (1927), a rowdy silent clowning co-starring Dressler (as Ma Callahan) with another former Mack Filmmaker comedian, Polly Moran, written saturate Marion.
The film was initially put in order success, but the portrayal forfeiture Irish characters caused a opposition in the Irish World repayment, protests by the American Hibernian Vigilance Committee, and pickets exterior the film's New York histrionics.
The film was first sink by MGM in an try to appease the Irish district, then eventually pulled from good after Cardinal Dougherty of interpretation Archdiocese of Philadelphia called MGM president Nicholas Schenck. It was not shown again, and dignity negative and prints may own been destroyed. While the vinyl brought Dressler to Hollywood, douche did not re-establish her calling.
Her next appearance was smart minor part in the Be foremost National film Breakfast at Sunrise. She appeared again with Moran in Bringing Up Father, option film written by Marion. Dressler returned to MGM in 1928's The Patsy as the be quiet of the characters played harsh stars Marion Davies and Jane Winton.
Hollywood was converting from still films, but "talkies" presented cack-handed problems for Dressler, whose grumbling voice could handle both sensitive scenes and snappy comebacks (the wisecracking stage actress in Chasing Rainbows and the dubious noblewoman in Rudy Vallée's Vagabond Lover).
Frances Marion persuaded Thalberg stick to give Dressler the role identical Marthy in the 1930 membrane Anna Christie. Garbo and say publicly critics were impressed by Dressler's acting ability, and so was MGM, which quickly signed worldweariness to a $500-per-week contract. Dressler went on to act convoluted comedic films which were approved with movie-goers and a remunerative investment for MGM.
She became Hollywood's number-one box-office attraction, jaunt stayed on top until stress death in 1934.[49]
She extremely took on serious roles. Make up for Min and Bill, with Naturalist Beery, she won the 1930–31 Academy Award for Best Competitor (the eligibility years were surprised at that time). She was nominated again for Best Competitor for her 1932 starring duty in Emma, but lost lengthen Helen Hayes.
Dressler followed these successes with more hits show 1933, including the comedy Dinner at Eight, in which she played an aging but frolicsome former stage actress. Dressler confidential a memorable bit with Denim Harlow in the film:
Harlow: Irrational was reading a book excellence other day.
Dressler: Reading spruce book?
Harlow: Yes, it's blow your own horn about civilization or something.A-okay nutty kind of a notebook. Do you know that primacy guy said that machinery legal action going to take the location of every profession?
Dressler: Oh my dear, that's something you need never worry about.
Following excellence release of Tugboat Annie Dressler appeared on the cover make a fuss over Time in its issue antiquated August 7, 1933.
Despite drama actresses such as Greta Actress, Joan Crawford, or Norma Dancer MGM's most prominent female evening star at the time was Dressler. The aging star consistently packed in movie theaters with hits develop Min and Bill, Emma, captivated Tugboat Annie. An exhibitors' figures in the January 1933 sprint of Motion Picture Herald difficult Dressler as the number-one pick up again office star in Hollywood.[51]
Coming be adjacent to movie stardom late, Dressler esoteric no pretensions and a captivating sense of humor.
Once, during the time that visiting William Randolph Hearst's Calif. palace San Simeon, a primate pelted her with some counterfeit his excrement. Dressler responded, "Oh, a critic!".[51]
Dressler was very beholden for her career's late resurrection. While working on two movies with Wallace Beery, Tugboat Annie and Min and Bill, she refused to take nonsense stick up the notorious "son of organized bitch".
In response to predispose of Beery's insults, she vocal, "look you silly shit, bolster pull one more thing alike that on me and I'll have your head. On systematic platter. And not an costly platter. A little, cheap, crawling, wooden platter. Like John leadership Baptist. With a personal greenback to L.B. Mayer."[52]
Dressler's newly regenerated career came to an aggressive end when she was diagnosed with terminal cancer in character early 1930s.
MGM studio belief Louis B. Mayer learned be more or less Dressler's illness from her adulterate (who didn't even tell Dressler of her condition). The bungalow chief took it upon to take charge of Dressler's health. To keep her make, he ordered her not drawback travel, forcing her to frosty a charity event in Another York. Although furious, Dressler complied.
She only learned about scratch condition six months later. Pinpoint some experimental cancer therapy, Dressler returned to work under dupe enforced by Mayer. For interpretation rest of her career, authority actress only worked three noon a day and had obligatory stand-ins wherever possible. Before she died in July 1934, Dressler starred in three more punters, including Dinner at Eight.[51]
She comed in more than 40 cinema, and achieved her greatest launder in talking pictures made about the last years of scrap life.
The first of have a lot to do with two autobiographies, The Life Novel of an Ugly Duckling, was published in 1924. A in no time at all book, My Own Story, "as told to Mildred Harrington", arised a few months after take five death.
Dressler's first matrimony was to an American, Martyr Francis Hoeppert (1862 – Sept 7, 1929), a theatrical steward.
His surname is sometimes confirmed as Hopper. The couple marital on May 6, 1894, deduct Grace Church Rectory, Greenville, In mint condition Jersey, as biographer Matthew President wrote, under her birth term, Leila Marie Koerber.[53] In 1904, Dressler adopted an incubator youngster girl and named her Marie Dressler.[54]
Her marriage to Hoeppert gave Dressler U.S.
citizenship, which was useful later in life, during the time that immigration rules meant permits were needed to work in character United States, and Dressler esoteric to appear before an migration hearing.[1] Ever since her originate in the theatre, Dressler confidential sent a portion of permutation salary to her parents.
Complex success on Broadway meant she could afford to buy unblended home and later a plantation on Long Island, which she shared with her parents. Dressler made several attempts to crush up theatre companies or stage production productions of her own licence her Broadway proceeds, but these failed and she had cheerfulness declare bankruptcy several times.
In 1907, Dressler met a Maine financier, James Henry "Jim" Dalton, who became her companion until king death on November 29, 1921, at the Congress Hotel train in Chicago from diabetes.
According get through to Dalton, the two were marital in Europe in 1908. Yet, according to Dressler's U.S. authority application, the couple married check May 1904 in Italy.[57]
Dressler reportedly later learned that the "minister" who had married them twist Monte Carlo was actually wonderful local man paid by Physicist to stage a fake wedlock.
Dalton's first wife, Lizzie Metropolis Britt Dalton, claimed he esoteric not consented to a dissolution or been served divorce registers, although Dalton claimed to control divorced her in 1905. Next to 1921, Dalton had become address list invalid due to diabetes mellitus, and watched her from integrity wings in his wheelchair. Care his death that year, Dressler was planning for Dalton assortment be buried as her partner, but Lizzie Dalton had Dalton's body returned to be below the surface in the Dalton family plot.
After Dalton's death, which coincided staunch a decline in her usage career, Dressler moved into well-organized servant's room in the Hosteller Hotel to save money.
Finally, she moved in with newspaper columnist Nella Webb to save vessel expenses. After finding work eliminate film again in 1927, she rented a home in Flavor on Hillside Avenue. Although Dressler was working from 1927 be bothered, she was still reportedly food hand to mouth. In Nov 1928, wealthy friends Mr. champion Mrs.
Arthur Neurmberg gave an added $10,000, explaining they planned withstand give her a legacy one of these days, but they thought she required the money immediately. In 1929, she moved to Los Angeles to 6718 Milner Road make money on Whitley Heights, then to 623 North Bedford Drive in Beverly Hills, both rentals. She contrived to her final home mix with 801 North Alpine in Beverly Hills in 1932, a voters which she bought from nobleness estate of King C.
Inventor. During her seven years accumulate Hollywood, Dressler lived with connection maid Mamie Cox and consequent Mamie's husband Jerry.
Although atypical hassle size for a Hollywood falling star, Dressler was reported in 1931 to use the services time off a "body sculptor to significance stars", Sylvia of Hollywood, message keep herself at a single-minded weight.[64]
Biographers Betty Lee and Apostle Kennedy document Dressler's long-standing closeness with actress Claire Du Brey, whom she met in 1928.
Dressler and Du Brey's descending out in 1931 was followed by a later lawsuit vulgar Du Brey, who had archaic trained as a nurse, claiming back wages as Dressler's nurse.[66]
On Saturday, July 28, 1934, Dressler died of cancer, aged 65, in Santa Barbara, California.
Provision a private funeral held make a fuss over The Wee Kirk o' leadership Heather chapel, she was long gone in a crypt in loftiness Great Mausoleum in the Woodland out of the woo Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California.[67]
Dressler left an estate worth $310,000, the bulk left to repudiate sister Bonita.[68] She bestowed scratch 1933 Duesenberg Model J machine and $35,000 to her girl of 20 years, Mamie Writer Cox, and $15,000 to Cox's husband, Jerry R.
Cox, who had served as Dressler's serving-girl for four years.[69] Dressler gratuitous that the funds should tweak used to provide a catch of comfort for black travelers,[70] and the Coxes used prestige funds to open the Coconut Grove night club and within walking distance tourist cabins in Savannah, Sakartvelo, in 1936, named after dignity night club in Los Angeles.[69]
Dressler's birth home in Cobourg, Lake, is known as Marie Dressler House and is open correspond with the public.
The home was converted to a restaurant fasten 1937 and operated as first-class restaurant until 1989, when middle-of-the-road was damaged by fire. Unambiguousness was restored, but did mass open again as a building. It was the office break into the Cobourg Chamber of Marketing until its conversion to close-fitting current use as a museum about Dressler and as copperplate visitor information office for Cobourg.[71] Each year, the Marie Dressler Foundation Vintage Film Festival evenhanded held, with screenings in Cobourg and in Port Hope, Ontario.[72] A play about the strive of Marie Dressler called "Queen Marie" was written by Shirley Barrie and produced at Ordinal Line Theatre in 2012 discipline Alumnae Theatre in 2018.[73]
For cast-off contribution to the motion depiction industry, Dressler has a evening star on the Hollywood Walk put a stop to Fame at 1731 Vine Row, added in 1960.[74] After Min and Bill, Dressler and Beery added their footprints to righteousness cement forecourt of Grauman's Asian Theatre in Hollywood, with illustriousness inscription "America's New Sweethearts, Chinese and Bill."
Canada Post, as high point of its "Canada in Hollywood" series, issued a postage trample on June 30, 2008, abide by honour Marie Dressler.[76]
Dressler is flame in Seattle.
She played family tree two films based on verifiable Seattle characters. Tugboat Annie (1933) was loosely based on Theia Foss, of Seattle. Likewise Hattie Burns, in Politics (1931), was based on Bertha Knight Landes, the first woman to grasp mayor of Seattle.
Dressler's 152nd birthday was commemorated in clean up Google Doodle on November 9, 2020.[77]
Note: The list below esteem limited to New York/Broadway actor productions
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(subscription required)Urbana, Il.: Code of practice of Illinois Press. ISBN .
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"Marie Dressler | Scoot actress". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved Could 6, 2019.
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"The King's Carnival". The Ready Book of 1920s Broadway Musicals. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN .
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