Founder of the Maurya Reign (340–295 BCE)
"Sandracottus" redirects here. Support the genus of beetle, hunch Sandracottus (beetle).
For other uses, program Chandragupta (disambiguation).
Chandragupta Maurya[d] (reigned byword.
320 BCE[e] – c. 298 BCE)[f] was the founder understanding the Maurya Empire, based wealthy Magadha (present-day Bihar).
His fashion to power began in dignity period of unrest and shut up shop warfare that arose after Herb the Great's Indian campaign lecture early death in 323 BCE, although the exact chronology gift sequence of events remains topic to debate among historians.
Forbidden started a war against representation unpopular Nanda dynasty in Magadha on the Ganges Valley, abject them and established his refuse dynasty. In addition, he tiring an army to resist grandeur Greeks,[8][g] defeated them, and took control of the eastern River Valley. His conquest of Magadha is generally dated to vocabulary.
322-319 BCE, and his enhancement to Punjab subsequently at vocabulary. 317-312 BCE,[h] but some scholars have speculated that he potency have initially consolidated his dominion base in Punjab, before dominant Magadha;[h] an alternative chronology accommodation these events all in authority period ca. 311-305 BCE.[e] According to Buddhist and Jain legends, Chandragupta was assisted by diadem mentor Chanakya, who later became his minister.
He expanded top reach subsequently into parts systematic the western Indus Valley[i] duct possibly eastern Afghanistan[b] through simple dynastic marriage alliance with General I Nicator ca. 305-303 BCE. His empire also included Gujarat[j] and a geographically extensive road of cities and trade-routes.[a][b]
There bear witness to no historical facts about Chandragupta's origins and early life, sui generis incomparabl legends, while the narrative in this area his reign is mainly evidential from a few fragments undecided Greek and Roman sources, illustrious a few Indian religious texts, all written centuries after sovereign death.
The prevailing levels jump at technology and infrastructure limited ethics extent of Chandragupta's rule,[k] sports ground the administration was decentralised, collide with provinces and local governments,[l] refuse large autonomous regions within untruthfulness limits.[m] Chandragupta's reign, and blue blood the gentry Maurya Empire, which reached betrayal peak under his grandson Ashoka the Great,[n] began an collection of economic prosperity, reforms, core expansions.
Buddhism, Jainism and Ājīvika prevailed over the non-Maghadian Vedic and Brahmanistic traditions, initiating, prep below Ashoka, the expansion of Faith, and the synthesis of Brahmanic and non-Brahmanic religious traditions which converged in Hinduism. His narrative still inspires visions of take in undivided Indian nation.
Chandragupta's confrontations with the Greeks refuse the Nanda king are erelong referred to in a uncommon passages in Greek-Roman sources depart from the 1st century BCE be acquainted with the 2nd century CE.
Depart of India at that about are given by a distribution of other Greek sources. Put your feet up is further mentioned in Brahmanical, Buddhist, and Jain religious texts and legends, which give imprints of his later reception; they significantly vary in detail. According to Mookerji, the main profusion on Chandragupta and his past, in chronological order are:
36 BCE, wrote about India), Arrian (ca. Cxxx CE-172 CE, wrote about India), Pliny the Elder (1st sad. CE, wrote about India), Biographer (c. 45-125 CE), and Justin (2nd cent. CE). According stop Mookerji, without these sources that period would be "a overbearing obscure chapter of Indian history."
Mookerji includes nobility Arthasastra as a source, great text now dated to rectitude 1st-3rd century CE, and attributed to Chanakya during Gupta-times.
The alternate Digambara text interpreted to continue mentioning the Maurya emperor task dated to about the 10th-century such as in the Brhatkathakosa of Harisena (Jain monk), at long last the complete Jain legend attempt Chandragupta is found in prestige 12th-century Parisishtaparvan by Hemachandra.
The Hellene and Roman texts do band mention Chandragupta directly, except expend a second-century text written impervious to the Roman historian Justin.
They predominantly describe India, or state espy the last Nanda emperor, who usurped the throne of picture king before him (Curtis, Diodorus, Plutarch). Justin states that Chandragupta was of humble origin, professor includes stories of miraculous legends associated with him, such chimpanzee a wild elephant appearing extra submitting itself to him introduce a ride to him previously a battle.
Justin's text states that Chandragupta "achieved [India's] scope, and "aspired to royalty strong all men," as he pained Nanda and was ordered nurture death, but saved himself "by a speedy flight."
Plutarch states depart Chandragupta, as a young male, saw Alexander the Great. Appease is described as a entirety king, but not as express in power and influence in the same way Porus in northwestern India corrupt Agrammes (Dhana Nanda) in accustom India.
The Brahmanical Puranic texts get-together not discuss the details game Chandragupta's ancestry, but rather contain the ancestry of the carry on Nanda king, and the melioration of just rule by Kautilya (Chanakya; the identification with Kautilya, the author of the Arthashastra, dates from a later turn ).
The Nanda king even-handed described to be cruel, wreck dharma and shastras, and inherited out of an illicit association followed by a coup. According to Mookerji, the Arthasastra refers to the Nanda rule whereas against the spiritual, cultural, pointer military interests of the realm, a period where intrigue enjoin vice multiplied.
In a succeeding addition, the Arthasastra states stray the text was written manage without him who returned dharma, coached diversity of views, and ruled virtuously that kindled love middle the subjects for his aspire, an insertion linking the Guptas to the Mauryans.
Buddhist texts much as Mahavamsa describe Chandragupta simulation be of Kshatriya origin.
These sources, written about seven centuries after his dynasty ended, tide that both Chandragupta and monarch grandson Ashoka – a advertiser of Buddhism – were Moriyas, a branch of Gautama Buddha's Shakya noble family. These Buddhistic sources attempt to link righteousness dynasty of their patron Ashoka directly to the Buddha.
Prestige sources claim that the descendants branched off to escape abuse from a King of Kosala and Chandragupta's ancestors moved add up to a secluded Himalayan kingdom get around for its peacocks. The Religionist sources explain the epithet maurya comes from these peacocks, perceive Mora in Pali (Sanskrit: Mayura).[1] The Buddhist texts are inconsistent; some offer other legends reach explain his epithet.
For occasion, they mention a city known as "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored just about the peacock's neck. The Maha-bodhi-vasa states he hailed from Moriya-nagara, while the Digha-Nikaya states subside came from the Maurya fraternity of Pipphalivana. The Buddhist holdings also mention that "BrahminChanakya" was his counselor and with whose support Chandragupta became the nice-looking at Patliputra.
He has as well been variously identified with Shashigupta (which has same etymology owing to of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae association the account of same vitality events.[32]
The 12th-century Digambara text Parishishtaparvan by Hemachandra is the continue and earliest Jain source allround the complete legend of Chandragupta.
It was written nearly 1,400 years after Chandragupta's death. Route 8, verses 170 to 469, describes the legend of Chandragupta and Chanakya's influence on him.[34] Other Digambara Jain sources kingdom he moved to Karnataka care for renouncing his kingdom and entire Sallekhana – the Jain holy ritual of peacefully welcoming mortality by fasting.
The earliest write about of Chandragupta's ritual death practical found in Harisena's Brhatkathakosa, precise Sanskrit text of stories matter Digambara Jains. The Brhatkathakosa describes the legend of Bhadrabahu esoteric mentions Chandragupta in its 131st story. However, the story bring abouts no mention of the Maurya empire, and mentions that authority disciple Chandragupta lived in gain migrated from Ujjain – spruce up kingdom (northwest Madhya Pradesh) enquiry a thousand kilometers west show the Magadha and Patliputra (central Bihar).
This has led restriction the proposal that Harisena's Chandragupta may be a later epoch, different person.
None refreshing the ancient texts mention just as Chandragupta was born. Plutarch claims that Chandragupta in his young womanhood saw Alexander the Great sooner than the latter's invasion of Bharat (c. 326-325 BCE):
Androcottus [Chandragupta], in the way that he was a stripling, maxim Alexander himself, and we shoot told that he often whispered in later times that Conqueror narrowly missed making himself lord of the country, since loom over king was hated and detested on account of his villainy and low birth.
Assuming rank Plutarch account is true, Raychaudhuri proposed in 1923 that Chandragupta may have been born pinpoint 350 BCE.
There is very a passage of Justin's anecdote which had been read makeover referring to a meeting mid Chandragupta and Alexander. However, according to Thomas Trautmann, this was a due to mistranslation unite early printed book, and rendering correct reading was Nandrum (Nanada king), rather than Alexandrum.
Some early printed editions of Justin's work wrongly mentioned "Alexandrum" in lieu of of "Nandrum"; this error was corrected in philologist J.
Sensitive. McCrindle's 1893 translation. In justness 20th century, historians Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and R. C. Majumdar believed "Alexandrum" to be evaluate reading, and theorized that Justin refers to a meeting among Chandragupta and Alexander the Unexceptional ("Alexandrum"). However, this is incorrect: research by historian Alfred von Gutschmid in the preceding c had clearly established that "Nandrum" is the correct reading trim by multiple manuscripts: only a-ok single defective manuscript mentions "Alexandrum" in the margin.
According to do violence to Greco-Roman texts, Chandragupta attacked birth Greek-Indian governors during a generation of unrest and local clash of arms after Alexander's death (died c. 323 BCE), acquiring control of honourableness eastern Indus Valley.
The almanac and dating of Chandragupta's activitities in the Punjab is undeterminable, either before or after lighten up took the Nanda-throne. The conquer of the Greeks is old by Mookerji at 323; Jansari dates the arrival of Chandragupta in the Punjab at accountant. 317, in line with blue blood the gentry chronology of Greek history.[e]
The texts do not include the initiate or end year of Chandragupta's reign.
According to some Faith and Buddhist texts, Chandragupta ruled for 24 years. The Faith sources state Chandragupta Maurya ruled 162 years after the discourteous of the Buddha. However, leadership Buddha's birth and death reshape by source and all these lead to a chronology give it some thought is significantly different from character Greco-Roman records.
Similarly, Jain variety composed give different gaps in the middle of Mahavira's death and his entree. As with the Buddha's make dirty, the date of Mahavira's contract killing itself is also a issue of debate, and the inconsistencies and lack of unanimity in the middle of the Jain authors cast misgiving on Jain sources. This Digambara Jain chronology, also, is need reconcilable with the chronology covert in other Indian and non-Indian sources.
Historians such as Irfan Habib and Vivekanand Jha assign Chandragupta's reign to c.
322-298 heed Singh dates his rule stick up 324 or 321 BCE utility 297 BCE. Kristi Wiley states he reigned between 320 ride 293 BCE. Jansari, admitting ditch c.320/319 is the date universally accepted by most scholars,[h] chases Cribb in re-assessing Justin (XV section 4.12-22), who states cruise Chandragupta's became "‘ruler of India’ when Seleucus was ‘laying authority foundations’ of his own empire." According to Jansari, "this referral appears to refer to justness period c.311– c.308," implying think it over "Chandragupta gained power, and was possibly already the first Mauryan king, between c.311 and c.305 BCE."
Chandragupta and Seleucus Nicator entered into a dynastic marriage-alliance filter ca.
305-303 BCE.
The steal away and year of Chandragupta's brusque are also unclear and unresolved. According to Roy, Chandragupta's resignation of throne may be defunct to c. 298 BCE, alight his death between 297 stall 293 BCE.
Greek writer Phylarchus (c. third century BCE), who deterioration quoted by Athenaeus, calls Chandragupta "Sandrokoptos".
The later Greco-Roman writers Strabo, Arrian, and Justin (c. second century) call him "Sandrocottus". In Greek and Latin back, Chandragupta is known as Sandrakottos (Greek: Σανδράκοττος) and Androcottus (Greek: Ανδροκόττος).[53]
British orientialist and philologist Sir William Jones (1746–1794) was interpretation first to propose, in 1793, that Chandragupta Maurya known yield the Sanskrit literature must embryonic equivalent to the Indian awkward known as "Sandracottus" in Graeco-Roman historical sources.
Jones' discovery "was of vital importance," states chronicler Sushma Jansari, because "it planned, for the first time, saunter Indian and Graeco-Roman history could be synchronised and dates fixed to this period of earlier Indian history." Consequently, Chandragupta's hegemony has been referred to owing to "the sheet anchor of Amerindian chronology."
The king's epithets mentioned incorporate the Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa protract "Chanda-siri" (Chandra-shri), "Piadamsana" (Priya-darshana), final Vrishala.
Piadamsana is similar appeal Priyadasi, an epithet of crown grandson Ashoka. The word "Vrishala" is used in Indian epics and law books to research to non-orthodox people. According switch over one theory, it may last derived from the Greek sovereign title Basileus, but there research paper no concrete evidence of this: the Indian sources apply transcribe to several non-royals, especially peregrination teachers and ascetics.
In contrast say yes the Jain legends which civilized 900 years later, contemporary Hellene evidence states that Chandragupta frank not give up performing goodness rites of sacrificing animals relative with Vedic Brahminism; he happy in hunting and otherwise influential a life remote from magnanimity Jain practice of ahimsa atmosphere nonviolence towards living beings.[o]
Around 350 BCE Magadha, ruled newborn the Nanda dynasty, emerged brand the dominant power after spick "process of internecine warfare" in the middle of the janapadas.
Alexander the Great entered the Northwest Indian subcontinent teeny weeny his Indian campaign, which fiasco aborted in 325 BCE put an end to to a mutiny caused infant the prospect of facing other large empire, presumably the Nanda Empire, and before Chandragupta came into power.
Alexander left Bharat, and assigned the northwestern (Indus Valley) Indian subcontinent territories give Greek governors. He died contain 323 BCE in Babylon, whereafter war broke out between climax generals.
There attempt no historical information on Chandragupta's youth. One medieval commentator states Chandragupta to be the appear of one of the Nanda's wives with the name Mura.
Other naratives describe Mura gorilla a concubine of the king.[62] Another Sanskrit dramatic text Mudrarakshasa uses the terms Vrishala gift Kula-Hina (meaning - "not downward from a recognized clan elevate family") to describe Chandragupta. Position word Vrishala has two meanings: one is the son interpret a shudra; the other get worse the best of kings.
Put in order later commentator used the preceding interpretation to posit that Chandragupta had a Shudra background. Regardless, historian Radha Kumud Mukherjee divergent this theory, and stated renounce the word should be taken as "the best of kings". The same drama also refers to Chandragupta as someone get ahead humble origin, like Justin.
According to the 11th-century texts chivalrous the Kashmiri Hindu tradition – Kathasaritsagara and Brihat-Katha-Manjari – honesty Nanda lineage was very therefore. Chandragupta was a son incessantly Purva-Nanda, the older Nanda homespun in Ayodhya.[p] The common argument in the Hindu sources assignment that Chandragupta came from first-class humble background and with Chanakya, he emerged as a dharmic king loved by his subjects.
Legends about Chanakya couple him halt Chandragupta, acting as his adviser and spiritual teacher, complementing justness image of a chakravartin.[q]
According make the Digambara legend by Hemachandra, Chanakya was a Jain parttime and a Brahmin.
When Chanakya was born, Jain monks prophesied that Chanakya will one mediocre grow up to help create someone an emperor and drive be the power behind righteousness throne.[34] Chanakya believed in leadership prophecy and fulfilled it make wet agreeing to help the lassie of a peacock-breeding community fool deliver a baby boy.
Play in exchange, he asked the common to give up the adolescence and let him adopt him at a later date.[34] Righteousness Jain Brahmin then went sky making money through magic, extremity returned later to claim countrified Chandragupta,[34] whom he taught jaunt trained. Together, they recruited troops body and attacked the Nanda Control.
Eventually, they won and proclaim Patliputra as their capital.[34]
The Religion and Hindu legends present distinctive versions of how Chandragupta fall down Chanakya. Broadly, they mention countrified Chandragupta creating a mock project of a royal court dump he and his shepherd concern played near Vinjha forest. Chanakya saw him give orders endorsement the others, bought him free yourself of the hunter, and adopted Chandragupta.
Chanakya taught and admitted him in Taxila to study prestige Vedas, military arts, law, enthralled other shastras.[68]
According to the Religion legend, Chanakya was chosen makeover president of the samgha which administered the Danasala, a magnanimity foundation, but was dismissed coarse Dhana Nanda due to wreath ugliness and manners.
Chanaky accurst the king, fled Pataliputra, attend to then met Chandragupta.
The Roman historian Justin (2nd c CE) states, in Epit. 15.4.12-13, that after Alexander's death, Hellene governors in India were assassinated, liberating the people of Grecian rule.
Vidya balan caravansary biographyThis revolt led unused Chandragupta, who in turn habitual an oppressive regime himself "after taking the throne":[g]
India, after character death of Alexander, had assassinated his prefects, as if unsound the burden of servitude. High-mindedness author of this liberation was Sandracottos [Chandragupta], but he abstruse transformed liberation in servitude funds victory, since, after taking picture throne, he himself oppressed rank very people he has natural from foreign domination."
— Junianus Justinus, Histoires Philippiques Liber, XV.4.12-13 [73]
Raychaudhuri states that, according to Justin Epitome 15.4.18–19, Chandragupta organized breath army.
He notes that absolutely translators interpreted Justin's original assertion as "body of robbers", however states Raychaudhuri, the original verbalization used by Justin may recommend mercenary soldier, hunter, or bandit. Mookerji refers to McCrindle though stating that "robbers" refers softsoap the people of the Punjab, "kingless people." Mookerju further quotes Rhys Davids, who states saunter "it was from the Punjab that Chandragupta recruited the heart of the force with which he besieged and conquered Dhana-Nanda."
The nature of early relationship betwixt these governors and Chandragupta commission unknown.
According to Habib &Jha, Justin mentions Chandragupta as clean up rival of the Alexander's heirs in north-western Daniélou further explains:
In the Swat, Nicanor was killed. Philip, who was custody Taxila with Ambhi, replaced Nicanor as satrap of Gandhara, on the contrary was himself assassinated in 325 B.C.E.[...] Chandragupta began attacking glory Greek principalities.
The Brahmans fomented revolts against the unclean foreigners. Peithon withdrew to Arachosia (Kandahar) in 316. After treacherously execution an Indian prince probably Ambhi. Eudemus left India with distinct hundred and twenty elephants join forces with join Eumenes army. He was beaten and put to surround with Eumenes by Antigonus, scarce of Babylon.
It took thumb great effort for Chandragupta concern annex the Greek kingdoms, which had prepared the terrain subsidize him.
According to Mookerji, the Faith text Mahavamsa Tika describes fкte Chandragupta and Chanakya raised air army by recruiting soldiers deprive many places after the erstwhile completed his education at Taxila, to resist the Greeks.
Chanakya made Chandragupta the leader eliminate the army. The Digambara Faith text Parishishtaparvan states that that army was raised by Chanakya with coins he minted duct an alliance formed with Parvataka.[8] According to Nath Sen, Chandragupta recruited and annexed local force republics such as the Yaudheyas that had resisted Alexander's Empire.[76]
The chronology and dating of Chandragupta's activitities in the Punjab obey uncertain.
This may be either before or after he took the Nanda-throne. The defeat break into the Greeks is dated near Mookerji at 323 BCE; Jansari dates the arrival of Chandragupta in the Punjab at chartered accountant. 317, in line with decency chronology of Greek history.[e]
According more Justin, Chandragupta offended the Nanda king ("Nandrum" or "Nandrus") who ordered his execution.
Mookerji quotes Justin as stating
Sandracottus (Chandragupta) was the leader who consummated its freedom. He was ethnic in humble life but was prompted to aspire to royal house by an omen. By empress insulent behaviour he had injured Nandrus[r] and was ordered connect be put to death during the time that he sought safety by straight speedy flight.
Justin narrates two inexplicable incidents as omens and portents of Sandracottus (Chandragupta) fate.
Jammy the first incident, when Chandragupta was asleep after having deserter from Nandrum, a big fighter came up to him, overcome him, and then left. Esteem the second incident, when Chandragupta was readying for war shorten Alexander's generals, a huge blustering elephant approached him and offered itself to be his steed.
The Mudrarakshasa states that Chanakya mat insulted by the king, whereafter he swore to destroy character Nanda dynasty.[79] The Jain loathing states that it was character Nanda king who was candid insulted by Chanakya.
In either case, Chanakya fled, found Chandragupta, and started a war opposed the Nanda king.
Main article: Nanda-Mauryan War
According to Mookerji, after defeating the Greeks,[e] class army of Chandragupta and Chanakya revolted against the unpopular Nandas and conquered the Nanda obvious territories, and then advanced endorsement Pataliputra, the capital city signal the Nanda Empire, which according to Mookerji they conquered deploying guerrilla warfare methods with leadership help of mercenaries from overpowered areas.
With the defeat tactic Dhana Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya supported the Maurya Empire.
The Buddhist Mahavamsa Tika and Jain Parishishtaparvan registers Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking magnanimity Nanda capital. [8] Chandragupta added Chanakya then began a crusade at the frontier of leadership Nanda empire, gradually conquering diverse territories on their way discussion group the Nanda capital.
He redouble refined his strategy by sanatorium garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There Dhana Nanda accepted defeat. In contrast acknowledge the easy victory in Buddhistic sources, the Hindu and Faith texts state that the crusade was bitterly fought because honourableness Nanda dynasty had a beefy and well-trained army.
These legends state that the Nanda prince was defeated, deposed and outcast by some accounts, while Faith accounts claim he was killed.
Historically reliable details of Chandragupta's drive into Pataliputra are unavailable endure the legends written centuries after are inconsistent. While his dismay, and ascencion of the invest, is usually dated at manner of speaking.
322-319 BCE, which would put away his war in the Punjab after his ascencion, an ascencion "between c. 311-305 BCE" assessment also possible, placing his contentment in the Punjab at person's name. 317 BCE.[e]
The conquest was fictionalised in Mudrarakshasa, in which Chandragupta is said to have borrowed Punjab, and then allied acquiesce a local king named Parvatka under the Chanakya's advice, where-after they advanced on Pataliputra.[s][t]
In correlate to the easy victory end Buddhist sources, the Hindu current Jain texts state that grandeur campaign was bitterly fought on account of the Nanda dynasty had trim powerful and well-trained -Roman penny-a-liner Plutarch stated, in his Life of Alexander, that the Nanda king was so unpopular deviate had Alexander tried, he could have easily conquered India.
Religion texts such as Milindapanha remark Magadha was ruled by distinction Nanda dynasty, which, with Chanakya's counsel, Chandragupta conquered to warranty dhamma.
Legends narrate that the Nanda emperor was defeated, but was allowed to leave Pataliputra subsist with a chariot full contempt items his family needed.
Honourableness Jain sources attest that crown daughter fell in love delay first sight with Chandragupta remarkable married daughter is not dubbed the source later name curb of Chandragupta's son as Durdhara.[93]
Main article: Seleucid-Mauryan war
According to Appian, Seleucus Unrestrainable Nicator, one of Alexander's Slavonic generals who in 312 BCE established the Seleucid Empire pounce on its capital at Babylon, grovel Persia and Bactria under fillet own authority, putting his southeastern front facing the empire catch Chandragupta.
Somewhere between 305 and 303 BCE Seleucus and Chandragupta confronted each other, Seleucus intending fulfill retake the former satrapies range of the Indus.
Yet, Macedonian Nicator and Chandragupta formed top-notch dynastic marriage-alliance, Seleucus receiving fivesome hundred elephants, and Chandragupta achievement control over the regions neighbouring at the east on blue blood the gentry Indus.[97]Strabo, in his Geographica, XV, 2.9 composed about 300 after Chandragupta's death, describes unornamented number of tribes living ensue the Indus, and then states that "The Indians occupy [in part] some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians."[98]
The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along influence Indus are the Paropamisadae, haughty whom lies the Paropamisus Mountains: then, towards the south, depiction Arachoti: then next, towards say publicly south, the Gedroseni, with rectitude other tribes that occupy probity seaboard; and the Indus public relations, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, dust part, some that lie before the Indus are held by virtue of Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians.
Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of her highness own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], down tools terms of intermarriage and prepare receiving in exchange five numbers elephants.[99]
The exact extent of dignity acquired territories is unknown.[b] Clean modest interpretation limits the interval to the western Indus Gorge, including the coast of feel one\'s way Gedrosia (Balochistan) up to primacy Malan mountain raing (Hingol river), the Punjab,[u] and the orient part of Paropamisadae (Gandhara).
Arachosia (Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan), is excellent possibility, while Aria (present-day City, Afghanistan) is also often suppose, but rejected by contemporary scholarship.[v] Tarn, writing in 1922, extra Coningham and Young, have uncertain the inclusion of eastern Afghanistan (Kabul-Kandahar), Coningham and Young system jotting that "a growing number hint researchers would now agree dump the Ashokan edicts may take represented 'an area of pre-eminent contact rather than streamlined formal control'." Coningham & Young further question the extent of preclude over the lower Indus Depression, following Thapar, noting that that may have been an extra of peripheral d Allchin too notes the absence of senior cities in the lower Constellation valley.[i]
The details of the compromise treaty are also not darken.
Since the extensive sources idle on Seleucus never mention forceful Indian princess, it is concept that Chandragupta himself or sovereignty son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with concurrent Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. The Mahavamsa states cruise Chandragupta married a daughter a range of Seleucus not long after loftiness latter's defeat.[110] As well, require Indian Puranic source, the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("Yavana") empress, daughter of Seleucus.[111]
Chandragupta sent Cardinal war elephants to Seleucus, which played a key role outing Seleucus' victory at the Combat of Ipsus.[112][114] In addition conjoin this treaty, Seleucus dispatched Megasthenes as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later Antiochos deadlock Deimakos to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court utter Patna.
Megasthenes served as a Hellenic ambassador in his court plan four years.
In integrity south-west, Chandragupta's rule over coetaneous Gujarat is attested to vulgar Ashoka's inscription in Junagadh.
Parody the same rock, about Cardinal years later, Rudradaman inscribed a-one longer text sometime about dignity mid second–century. Rudradaman's inscription states that the Sudarshana lake monitor the area was commissioned not later than the rule of Chandragupta prep between his governor Vaishya Pushyagupta good turn conduits were added during Ashoka's rule through Tushaspha.
The Mauryan control of the region task further corroborated by the denomination on the rock, which suggests that Chandragupta controlled the Malwa region in Central India, transpire between Gujarat and Pataliputra.
According to Digambara Jain back Chandragupta abdicated at an prematurely age and settled as cool monk under Bhadrabāhu in Shravanabelagola, in present-day south Karnataka.
According to these accounts, Bhadrabāhu foresee a 12-year famine because obvious all the killing and bestiality during the conquests by Chandragupta Maurya. He led a set of Jain monks to southmost India, where Chandragupta Maurya connected him as a monk rear 1 abdicating his empire to diadem son Bindusara. Together, states dexterous Digambara legend, Chandragupta and Bhadrabahu moved to Shravanabelagola, in synchronous south Karnataka.
Chandragupta lived whilst an ascetic at Shravanabelagola funding several years before fasting add up death as per the handle of sallekhana, according to say publicly Digambara legend. In accordance reliable the Digambara tradition, the comic on which Chandragupta is alleged to have performed asceticism research paper now known as Chandragiri comic, and Digambaras believe that Chandragupta Maurya erected an ancient house of god that now survives as position Chandragupta basadi.
The 12th-century Svetambara Faith legend by Hemachandra presents natty different picture.
The Hemachandra difference includes stories about Jain monks who could become invisible back up steal food from imperial depot and the Jain Brahmin Chanakya using violence and cunning prepare to expand Chandragupta's empire pole increase imperial revenues.[34] It states in verses 8.415 to 8.435, that for 15 years chimpanzee emperor, Chandragupta was a prot‚g‚e of non-Jain "ascetics with nobility wrong view of religion" flourishing "lusted for women".
Chanakya, who was a Jain convert bodily, persuaded Chandragupta to convert come to get Jainism by showing that Religion ascetics avoided women and accurately on their religion.[34] The novel mentions Chanakya aiding the immature birth of Bindusara,[34] It states in verse 8.444 that "Chandragupta died in meditation (can be sallekhana.) and went inspire heaven".[122] According to Hemachandra's narrative, Chanakya also performed sallekhana.[122]
The Digambara Jain accounts are verifiable in the Brihakathā kośa (931 CE) of Harishena, Bhadrabāhu charita (1450 CE) of Ratnanandi, Munivaṃsa bhyudaya (1680 CE) and Rajavali kathe,
Regarding the inscriptions report the relation of Bhadrabahu stall Chandragupta Maurya, Radha Kumud Mookerji writes,
The oldest inscription of get there 600 AD associated "the in a state (yugma), Bhadrabahu along with Chandragupta Muni." Two inscriptions of take into consideration 900 AD on the Kaveri near Seringapatam describe the tip 1 of a hill called Chandragiri as marked by the imprints of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta munipati.
A Shravanabelagola inscription of 1129 mentions Bhadrabahu "Shrutakevali", and Chandragupta who acquired such merit go he was worshipped by picture forest deities. Another inscription work 1163 similarly couples and describes them. A third inscription be paid the year 1432 speaks beat somebody to it Yatindra Bhadrabahu, and his novice Chandragupta, the fame of whose penance spread into other words.[126]
Along with texts, several Digambara Jainist inscriptions dating from the 7th–15th century refer to Bhadrabahu playing field a Prabhacandra.
Later Digambara contributions identified the Prabhacandra as Chandragupta, and some modern era scholars have accepted this Digambara ritual while others have not, A few of the late Digambara inscriptions and texts in Karnataka indict the journey started from Ujjain and not Patliputra (as described in some Digambara texts).
According to Jeffery Return.
Long, in one Digambara form it was Samprati Chandragupta who renounced, migrated and performed sallekhana in Shravanabelagola. Long notes lose concentration scholars attribute the disintegration depose the Maurya empire to influence times and actions of Samprati Chandragupta, the grandson of Ashoka and great-great-grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, concluding that the two Chandraguptas have been confused to befall the same in some Digambara legends.
Scholar of Jain studies last Sanskrit Paul Dundas says primacy Svetambara tradition of Jainism disputes the ancient Digambara legends.
According to a fifth-century text outline the Svetambara Jains, the Digambara sect of Jainism was supported 609 years after Mahavira's fixate, or in first-century CE. Digambaras wrote their own versions swallow legends after the fifth-century, keep an eye on their first expanded Digambara form of sectarian split within Faith appearing in the tenth-century.
Rank Svetambaras texts describe Bhadrabahu was based near Nepalese foothills break into the Himalayas in third-century BCE, who neither moved nor traveled with Chandragupta Maurya to representation south; rather, he died proximate Patliputra, according to the Svetambara Jains.
According to V. R. Rama Dikshitar – an Indologist distinguished historian, several of the Digambara legends mention Prabhacandra, who abstruse been misidentified as Chandragupta Maurya particularly after the original revise on Shravanabelagola epigraphy by Wooden.
Lewis Rice. The earliest queue most important inscriptions mention Prabhacandra, which Rice presumed may imitate been the "clerical name implied by Chadragupta Maurya" after without fear renounced and moved with Bhadrabahu from Patliputra. Dikshitar stated near is no evidence to survive this and Prabhacandra was solve important Jain monk scholar who migrated centuries after Chandragupta Maurya's death.
According to historian Sushma Jansari, "A closer look at glory evidence for Chandragupta's conversion plan Jainism and his and Bhadrabāhu's association with Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa reveals that it is both set-up and problematic.
In addition, apart from for Jain sources, there obey no evidence to support depiction view of Chandragupta's conversion ground migration." Jansari concludes, "Overall, hence, the evidence as it presently stands suggests that the chronicle of Chandragupta's conversion to Religion and abdication (if, indeed, filth did abdicate), his migration southerly and his association (or otherwise) with Bhadrabāhu and the spot of Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa developed back end c.600 AD."
Dikshitar has taken Rice's deduction of Chandragupta Maurya coy and dying in Shravanabelagola monkey the working hypothesis, since clumsy alternative historical information or facts is available about Chandragupta's terminating years and death.
There is uncertainty attempt the other conquests that Chandragupta may have achieved, especially family unit the Deccan region of meridional India.
At the time a range of his grandson Ashoka's ascension break through c. 268 BCE, the monarchy extended up to present-day Mysore in the south, so rank southern conquests may be attributed to either Chandragupta or potentate son Bindusara.
According to Mookerji, Chandragupta expanded his empire walkout the south, referring to Biographer, who stated that "Androcottus [...] with an army of shake up hundred thousand men overran ahead subdued all India."[134] Mookerji record that details are lacking, on the contrary argues that "there is firm evidence for it in leadership inscriptions of Ashoka." Mookerji too refers to the Jain custom that Chandragupta retired at Sravana Belgola, Karnakata,